Systems and methods for identifying a source of a degradation in a passive optical network

ABSTRACT

Techniques for identifying sources of degradations within a PON include detecting a degradation pertaining to a segment of the PON and comparing the drift over time of an optical profile of the segment with respective drifts over time of optical profiles of one or more other PON segments, where pairs of segments share respective common endpoints and an optical profile of a segment corresponds to the characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment (e.g., attenuation, changes in frequencies, changes in power outputs, etc.). The differences between the compared drift(s) over time are utilized to narrow down the candidate components (e.g., segment endpoints, optical fibers, etc.) for the source of the degradation, and may be utilized to particularly identify a particular endpoint or optical fiber as being the source. The source of the degradation may or may not be a component of the segment to which the degradation pertained.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/891,834 filed on Aug. 19, 2022 and entitled “Systems and Methods for Identifying a Source of Degradation in a Passive Optical Network”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/891,879 filed on Aug. 19, 2022 and entitled “Systems and Methods for Maintaining Equipment of a Passive Optical Network”, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/891,911 filed on Aug. 19, 2022 and entitled “Systems and Methods for Predicting Times-to-Failure of Passive Optical Network Components”, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to passive optical networks, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for identifying or determining a source of a detected degradation in a passive optical network.

BACKGROUND

A conventional passive optical network (PON) includes one or more optical line terminals (OLTs) at a central location connecting to one or more optical last mile termination units disposed at respective customer premises via one or more optical fibers. A PON is typically implemented using a point-to-multipoint topology in which a feeder optical fiber from an OLT serves multiple optical network terminals (ONTs) or optical network units (ONUs) via respective distribution optical fibers. Typically, the feeder optical fiber is optically coupled to distribution optical fibers for respective ones of the last mile termination units via a fiber distribution hub (FDH) using an optical splitter.

Often, the effects of degradations within the PON are observed by customers or end-users at locations at which last mile termination units are disposed. For example, a customer may observe a slowing down or lack of fidelity of PON services at his or her location, and may contact the PON service provider for assistance. In attempting to resolve the issue, as technicians of the PON typically troubleshoot only the single optical path via which the last mile termination unit at the customer's premises receives optical services (e.g., the optical path from the OLT to the last mile termination unit at the customer's premises), technicians frequently misdiagnose the source of the observed degradation as being the last mile termination unit disposed at the customer premises. However, the last mile termination unit may be operating properly and the source of the observed degradation may instead be elsewhere within the PON. For example, the degradation may be caused by dirty or faulty optical fibers via which the optical signals are delivered to the last mile termination unit at the customer location, by a faulty intermediate node (such as the FDH) within the PON, and/or even by faults or degradations within the OLT equipment, any of which can present as degradations observed at the last mile termination unit at the customer's premises. The technician is not able to accurately and quickly identify these other possible sources of the observed degradation.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a method of determining or identifying a source of degradation within a passive optical network (PON) includes detecting a degradation pertaining to a first segment of the PON, where the first segment of the PON includes a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a first optical distance. The method also includes, responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a first drift over time of an optical profile of a first segment of the PON. The first drift over time is based on the optical profile and one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment, and the optical profile and the one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment are based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment.

The method additionally includes comparing the first drift over time of the first segment with a second drift over time of an optical profile of a second segment of the PON, where the second segment includes a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a second optical distance, and the first segment and the second segment share a common segment endpoint. The second drift over time is based on the optical profile and one or more historical optical profiles of the second segment, and the optical profile and the one or more historical optical profiles of the second segment are based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the second segment.

Further, the method includes identifying the source of the degradation based on the comparison, where the source of the degradation is a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint of the PON, and transmitting an indication of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.

In an embodiment, a method of determining or identifying a source of a degradation within a passive optical network (PON) includes detecting a degradation pertaining to a segment of the PON. The segment includes an upstream segment endpoint that is optically connected, via one or more optical fibers over an optical distance, to a downstream segment endpoint. The method also includes, responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a drift over time of an optical profile of the segment based on one or more historical optical profiles of the segment, where the optical profile and the historical optical profiles of the first segment are based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment.

Additionally, the method includes identifying the source of the degradation within the PON based on one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and respective drifts over time of respective optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON, where each segment of the one or more other segments shares a respective common segment endpoint with the segment, and the identified source of the degradation is a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint included in the PON. Further, the method includes transmitting an alert indicative of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate examples of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those examples.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example passive optical network (PON) in which the systems, methods, and/or techniques of the present disclosure may be implemented.

FIG. 2 is an example optical profile of the PON of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 is a flowchart representative of an example method for determining or identifying a source of degradation within a passive optical network (PON), which may be utilized in the PON of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 4 is a flowchart representative of an example method for determining or identifying a source of degradation within a passive optical network (PON), which may be utilized in the PON of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to implement the various structures and methods for verifying optical connections, configuring optical connections, identifying optical connections and/or mapping connections of an FDH, in accordance with the disclosure.

Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of the present disclosure.

The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding examples of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

Although the figures show parts with clean lines and boundaries, some or all of these lines and/or boundaries may be idealized. In reality, the boundaries and/or lines may be unobservable, blended, and/or irregular. Use of terms such as up, down, top, bottom, side, end, front, back, etc. herein are used with reference to a currently considered or illustrated orientation. If they are considered with respect to another orientation, it should be understood that such terms must be correspondingly modified.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed examples of the disclosure provide a number of advantages over existing techniques for managing components of passive optical networks (PONs) by leveraging optical profiles of the PON and/or optical profiles of segments of the PON. Generally speaking, a “segment” of a PON, as utilized herein, has components that include two respective endpoints and one or more optical fibers which optically connect to two endpoints. The endpoints are typically devices within the PON, such an optical line terminal (OLT), a fiber distribution hub (FDH), or a last mile termination unit (e.g., an optical network terminal (ONT) or an optical network unit (ONU) disposed at customer premises).

An “optical profile” of a segment, as utilized herein, generally corresponds to one or more characteristics of optical signals which are delivered over the segment, and may be based on measurements of said signals. For example, the one or more characteristics may correspond to attenuation, changes in frequencies, and/or changes in power outputs of optical signals delivered over the segment. Multiple instances of an optical profile of a segment may be generated over time, and may be utilized to determine the drift over time of the segment's optical profile. The drift over time of the optical profile of the segment may be caused by the aging and normal wear-and-tear of the components of the segment as well as other factors. An optical profile of the PON as a whole may be an aggregation of a majority (if not all) of the optical profiles of segments included in the PON. Similar to optical profiles of segments, multiple instances of the optical profile of the PON as a whole may be obtained over time, and may be utilized to determine the drift over time of the optical profile of the PON as a whole.

The optical profiles of the PON and its segments may be utilized to provide novel systems, methods, and techniques for managing components of PONs. For example, by comparing drifts over time of various segments of the PON and ascertaining the similarities and/or the differences between the different drifts over time, sources of degradations detected within the PON may be more accurately and quickly identified as compared to existing techniques, which commonly mistakenly identify last mile termination units as being sources of detected degradations. Further, such identifications may be remotely accomplished in some scenarios, e.g., without requiring a technician to physically visit customer premises. Still further, optical profiles of the PON and its segments may be utilized to provide other novel component management techniques for the PON, such as predicting times to failure of various components, maintaining components and equipment within the PON, predicting surges in customers contacting technical support, and the like.

Reference will now be made in detail to non-limiting examples, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Example Passive Optical Network (PON)

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example PON 100 in which the systems, methods, and techniques of the present disclosure may be implemented. The example PON 100 includes one or more optical line terminals (OLTs) (an example one of which is designated by reference numeral 102) at a central location (e.g., at a central office 104) optically connecting to one or more last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n at respective customer premises 108 a, . . . , 108 n. The last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n may be located outside and/or inside the customer premises or locations 108 a, . . . , 108 n. Each last mile termination unit 106 a, . . . , 106 n may be, for example, an optical network unit (ONU) or an optical network terminal (ONT). In some examples herein, the term “optical terminal” generally refers to a last mile termination unit (e.g., an ONU or an ONT) or an OLT.

The example PON 100 is implemented using instances of point-to-multipoint topology. For example, in the example PON 100, a first feeder optical fiber 110 a from the OLT 102 (which is interchangeably referred to herein as an “F1 optical fiber 110 a” or a “primary optical fiber 110 a”) serves the one or more last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n via respective distribution optical fibers 112 a, . . . , 112 n (which are interchangeably referred to herein as “F2 optical fibers 112 a, . . . , 112 n” or “secondary optical fibers 112 a, . . . , 112 n”). In the illustrated example, the first feeder optical fiber 110 a is optically coupled to the plurality of last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n via an example one-to-many optical splitter 114 a which is disposed, located, implemented, etc. in an example fiber distribution hub (FDH) 116 a. In some arrangements, the FDH 116 a is located within a geographic area (e.g., a neighborhood) such that the customer premises 108 a, . . . , 108 n are proximally close to the FDH 116 a, and typically each of the customer premises 108 a, . . . , 108 n and respective last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n is disposed at a different optical distance from the FDH 116 a. An “optical distance,” as generally utilized herein, refers to a distance over which an optical signal travels.

In embodiments, the PON 100 may or may not include additional feeder optical fibers and optical splitters for a plurality of additional customer premises. Moreover, a PON may or may not include a plurality of FDHs. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 , the example PON 100 includes a second feeder or primary optical fiber 110 b from the OLT 102 that is optically coupled to another plurality of last mile termination units 107 a-107 m at respective customer premises 109 a-109 m via another many-to-one optical splitter 114 b included in another fiber distribution hub 116 b and via respective secondary optical fibers 113 a-113 m. At some time after the initial installation of the second primary optical fiber 110 b, an optical junction 122 has been added in between the OLT 102 and the FDH 116 b, and a third primary optical fiber 110 c optically connecting the junction 122 to the FDH 116 a has been installed. In some implementations, the third primary optical fiber 110 c may be a portion of the second primary optical fiber 110 b. For instance, a first subset of the entirety of strands of the primary optical fiber 110 b that services the optical distance between the OLT 102 and the junction 122 (e.g., as denoted by reference 110 b′) may be utilized as the third primary optical fiber 110 c (and therefore routed or otherwise disposed to optically connect to the FDH 116 a instead of to optically connect to the FDH 116 b), while a remaining subset of the entirety of strands that service the optical distance between the OLT 102 and the junction 122 (e.g., as denoted by reference 110 b″) may continue to service the optical distance between the junction 122 and the FDH 116 b. In other implementations, the different portions 110 b′ and 110 b″ of the primary optical fiber 110 b may include the same set of optical strands, and the third primary optical fiber 110 c may be an optical fiber that is an entirely different physical optical fiber than the secondary optical fiber 110 b. In any case, as shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 , the OLT 102 may be optically connected to the plurality of last mile termination units 106 a-106 n via the first primary optical fiber 110 a and via the third primary optical fiber 110 c. Of course, in other embodiments, more or fewer instances of point-to-multipoint topology used to optically connect the OLT 102 and respective groups of last mile termination units may be possible.

The PON 100 includes a plurality of segments, each of which has a respective pair of segment endpoints which are optically connected by a respective one or more optical fibers. Generally speaking, the endpoints and optical fibers of each segment are collectively referred to within this document as the “components” of each segment. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 , components of a first segment 120 a include the respective endpoints OLT 102 and last mile termination unit 106 a optically connected via the optical fibers 110 a, 112 a; components of a second segment 120 n include the respective endpoints OLT 102 and last mile termination unit 106 n optically connected via the optical fibers 110 a, 112 n; components of a third segment 120 c include respective endpoints OLT 102 and FDH 116 a optically connected via the optical fiber 110 a; components of a fourth segment 120 d include respective endpoints FDH 116 a and last mile termination unit 106 a optically connected via optical fiber 112 a; and components of a fifth segment 120 e include respective endpoints FDH 116 a and last mile termination unit 106 n optically connected via optical fiber 112 n. As further shown in FIG. 1 , components of a sixth segment 120 f include respective endpoints OLT 102 and optical junction 122 optically connected via the optical fiber 110 b′; components of a seventh segment 120 g include respective endpoints optical junction 122 and FDH 116 a optically connected via the optical fiber 110 c; components of an eighth segment 120 h include respective endpoints OLT 102 and last mile termination unit 106(n−1) optically connected via optical fibers 110 b′, 110 c, and 112(n−1), components of a ninth segment 120 i include respective endpoints FDH 116 a and last mile termination unit 106(n−1) optically connected via optical fiber 112(n−1), and components of a tenth segment 120 j include respective endpoints OLT 102 and FDH 116 a optically connected via optical fibers 110 b′ and 110 c.

It is noted that some segments may be parts of other segments. For example, segments 120 c and 120 d are mutually exclusive parts or sub-segments of segment 120 a, segments 120 f and 120 g are mutually exclusive parts or sub-segments of segment 120 h and of segment 120 j, and segments 120 c and 120 e are mutually exclusive parts or sub-segments of segment 120 n. Additionally, as utilized herein, the term “upstream” refers to a direction towards the central office 104, and the term “downstream” refers to a direction away from the central office 104. As such, for segment 120 a, the upstream endpoint is the OLT 102 and the downstream endpoint is the last mile termination unit 106 n; for segment 102 c, the upstream endpoint is the OLT 102 and the downstream endpoint is the FDH 116 a; for segment 120 e, the upstream endpoint the FDH 116 a and the downstream endpoint is the last mile termination unit 106 n, and so on.

In some examples, an optical terminal (e.g., the OLT 102 and/or one or more the last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n) transmits optical test signals and/or patterns, indication light, and/or other types of measurement signals into an optical fiber in response to control signals received from a computing device. For example, control signals may be received from a computing device 125 (e.g., a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a mobile phone, etc.) associated with a service technician or other agent of the PON 100. In some examples, the computing device 125 controls an optical terminal via the PON 100, via one or more networks 128 (which may include one or more wired and/or wireless private networks and/or public networks, such as the Internet), and/or by direct interaction with the optical terminal (e.g., via a hotspot provided by the optical terminal, a service port of the optical terminal, etc.). Additionally and/or alternatively, control signals may be received from one or more servers 130 that are used to manage the PON 100, the network(s) 128, etc. For example, the one or more servers 130 may schedule and execute diagnostics of various components of the PON 100 and/or of the PON 100 as a whole, generate alerts and alarms, initiate various actions, provide user interfaces, which may include graphical user interfaces (e.g., at the computing device 125), log, historize, and/or otherwise store data generated by and associated with the PON 100 (e.g., in one or more data stores 132), and the like. For example, one or more applications may execute at the server(s) 130 and/or the server(s) may host one or more services to provide management functionalities of the PON 100.

Various information and data associated with, utilized by, and/or generated by the PON 100 may be stored in the data stores 132. For example, the data store(s) 132 may store records of customer contact events with a technical support organization supporting the PON 100, service call records, records of operating conditions and events which occurred, log books, and the like. Additionally, the data store(s) 132 may store applications which may execute at the one or more servers 130, and/or which may be downloaded or otherwise provided to the technician computing device 125 for installation and execution thereon. Additionally, the data store(s) 132 may store respective optical profiles of one or more segments 120 a, 120 n, 120 c-120 e of the PON and an optical profile of the PON 100, which are described in more detail below. Of course, the data store(s) 132 may store any updates to any and all of the information and data stored therein.

Example Optical Profile of the PON

FIG. 2 depicts an example optical profile 200 of the PON 100 of FIG. 1 . Generally speaking, the optical profile 200 of the PON 100 provides an indication of the performance of the overall PON 100 or, said another way, an indication of the performance of the PON 100 as a whole, e.g., over a majority (if not all) of the segments of the PON 100. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2 , the example optical profile 200 utilizes a scatter plot to indicate the performance of the PON 100; however, other indications or representations of the optical profile 200 are possible, such as charts, spreadsheets, tables, other types of graphs or graphical visual representations, etc. Generally, the example optical profile 200 of the PON 100 is generated based on one or more characteristics of optical signals that are delivered throughout the PON 100 over various segments. The one or more characteristics of optical signals may include, for example, an amount, level, or magnitude of attenuation of the optical signals, a variation or change in the frequencies of the optical signals, or a variation in the power output of the optical signals, to name a few. For example, the particular example optical profile 200 of the PON 100 shown in FIG. 2 has been generated based on the characteristic of respective magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals, and as such the optical profile 200 indicates a respective amount, level, or magnitude of attenuation of optical signals delivered over each segment of a plurality of segments of the PON 100. Accordingly, the example optical profile 200 has an x-axis 202 corresponding to optical lengths or distances of segments included in the PON 100 (e.g., in units of miles, kilometers, or other suitable units of length or distance) and a y-axis 205 corresponding to magnitudes (e.g., absolute values) of attenuation (e.g., in units of absolute values of dB or other suitable units), and each data point of the scatter plot is indicative of a respective magnitude or absolute value of optical signal attenuation measured over a respective optical length or distance. The magnitude of attenuation (or any characteristic, for that matter) may be determined based on a test optical signal, indication light, or other suitable measurement signal transmitted by one endpoint of a segment and received at the other endpoint of the segment, where the segment is of a specific optical length or distance. For example, referring simultaneously to FIG. 1 for ease of illustration, the scatter plot 200 may include a respective data point corresponding to each of the segments 120 a-120 e, each of which has a respective, different optical length, and the magnitude or absolute value of attenuation of optical signals delivered over the respective optical length of each segment is measured or detected at the upstream endpoint, at the downstream endpoint, or both at the upstream and at the downstream endpoints of each segment. It is noted that in FIG. 2 , the y-axis 205 is in units of absolute values of attenuation, e.g., |dB|, rather than in units of measured or actual values of attenuation, which typically may be measured, for example, in negative decibels.

In some embodiments, the quantities or densities of last mile termination units 106 a, . . . , 106 n disposed at locations serviced by the PON 100 (e.g., locations 108 a, . . . , 108 n) at different optical distances may be graphically represented on the optical profile 200 by color and/or by some other visual characteristic. For example, a green data point may indicate only a single last mile termination unit disposed at a single serviced location at a corresponding optical distance, a yellow data point may indicate that the total number of last mile termination units disposed at one or more serviced locations at a corresponding optical distance is greater than one and less than some number m, a red data point may indicate that the total number of last mile termination units disposed at one or more serviced locations at a corresponding optical distance is greater than or equal to the number m, etc. As such, the quantity and/or density of last mile termination units may be easily indicated on the optical profile 200, e.g., in a visual and/or graphical manner, and/or in other suitable manners. Consequently, in embodiments, the optical profile 200 may be based on the quantity or density of last mile termination units disposed at different locations serviced by the PON 100.

Accordingly, in view of the above, each data point of the optical profile 200 may be indicative of the characteristic of optical signals delivered over a corresponding optical distance. Said another way, each data point may be indicative of the optical profile of a respective one or more segments, where each of the respective one or more segments is of the optical distance corresponding to the data point.

Typically, passive optical networks such as the PON 100 are engineered to meet industry standards, such as the Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2 standard (e.g., NG-PON2, also referred to as TWDM-PON), the Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (G-PON), and 10G-PON (also referred to as XG-PON) developed by the International Telecommunications Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Such standards typically specify a target, optimal operating range of attenuations for passive optical networks as a whole, which may be modified for real-time operations based on heuristic data obtained from an operational PON. For example, the PON 100 may have been designed, configured, and built to a standard-specified operating range between negative 15 dB to negative 27 dB. This standard-specified target operating range may be modified based on heuristic data obtained from the PON 100 to arrive at an operational optimal target operating range 208 for the PON 100. For example, based on heuristic data, the operational optimal target operating range 208 for the PON 100 as a whole (which is referred to interchangeably herein as the “designated operating range” 208 of the PON 100 as a whole) may be modified to be between negative 13 dB and negative 28 dB, the boundaries of which are denoted in the optical profile 200 of the PON 100 by references 208 a and 208 b, respectively. Heuristic data may include, for example, data indicative of occurrences of calls or other moments of contact between PON customers and technical support, technical support dispatches, resolutions of technical support contacts and dispatches, and/or other technical support events.

Generally speaking, segments experiencing magnitudes or absolute values of attenuation below the lower boundary 208 a (e.g., the “hot” zone corresponding to more power in the optical signals) are more likely to have optical fibers that wear out more quickly, whereas segments experiencing magnitudes or amounts of attenuation above the upper boundary 208 b (e.g., the “cold” zone corresponding to less power in the optical signals) are more likely to be the subject of customer calls and complaints of degraded or poor service. As shown in the optical profile 200 of FIG. 2 , a majority of customers and/or of individual segments of the PON 100 are operating within the PON's optimal target operating range 208. As also shown in the optical profile 200, some segments of the PON 200 are experiencing respective magnitudes of attenuation higher and lower than the operational optimal target operating range 208, e.g., as represented by the data points above the upper threshold 208 b and by the data points below the lower threshold 208 a.

As also shown in FIG. 2 , the optical profile 200 indicates the drift of the overall performance of PON 100 as a whole over time, which may reflect the aging of the network's components and optical fibers and the resultant effects on the overall performance of the system 100. In particular, the optical profile 200 depicts an overlay of several snapshots of the network's performance at different times T0, T1, and T2, which are respectively denoted in FIG. 2 by references 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c. For example, reference 210 a indicates the performance of the PON 100 at a time T0 corresponding to the initial installation of the PON 100, reference 210 b indicates the performance of the PON 100 at a subsequent time T1 after the network 100 has been operating for some duration of time, and reference 210 c indicates the performance of the PON 100 at a still subsequent time T2 after the network 100 has been operating for an additional duration of time. Thus, as depicted in FIG. 2 , generally speaking, the magnitudes or absolute values of attenuation throughout the PON 100 decrease as the components and optical fibers of the PON 100 age, which is graphically represented in the optical profile 200 of the PON 100.

It is noted that while the drift over time of the optical profile 200 of the PON 100 is graphically depicted in FIG. 2 as an overlay of different instances of the optical profile of the PON 100 over time, this is only one of many possible representations. The drift over time of the optical profile 200 may be additionally or alternatively represented using any other suitable format, such as in charts, tables, spreadsheets, databases, and the like, some of which may include dynamic graphical representations, if desired. Further, the drifts over time of the optical profile 200 of the PON 100 may be additionally or alternately represented in other graphical formats, if desired. For example, the drift over time of the optical profile 200 may be depicted in graphical format in which time is one of the axes, and magnitudes and/or rates of change of the drift with respect to time may be plotted or otherwise represented thereon. Further, it is noted that any of the techniques for determining and indicating the drift over time of optical profiles of the PON 100 as whole may easily be applied to the drift over time of optical profiles of a particular segment of the PON.

Example Scenarios

Advantageously, the systems, methods, and techniques disclosed herein may leverage or otherwise utilize the optical profile of a PON as a whole and/or optical profiles of various segments of the PON to determine or identify a source of a degradation within the PON. To illustrate at least some of the concepts described in this specification, this document provides the following example scenarios which, for ease of discussion, refer simultaneously to FIGS. 1-2 and which may utilize at least portions of the methods described elsewhere within this document. These examples should not be considered limiting in the available functionalities, the order of execution of various actions, the components performing or providing various functionalities, and/or in any other manner. Instead, these examples are intended to introduce various elements, aspects, and/or concepts of the systems and methods described within this document, each of which is described in more detail elsewhere within this document.

In a first example scenario, a customer contacts technical support to report slow or degraded service at the premises 108 a at which last mile termination unit 106 a is disposed. A technician remotely connects to the networks 128 (e.g., via computing device 125) and instructs an application (e.g., which may execute at the computing device 125 and/or at the servers 130) or executes a service (e.g., which may be hosted at the servers 130) to determine the source of the degradation observed by the customer at the last mile termination unit 106 a. Responsive to the technician's instruction, the application or service instructs the last mile termination unit 106 a to transmit a test signal to the OLT 102, and instructs the OLT 102 to report the measurements of the received signal (or vice versa). The application/service generates the current optical profile of the segment 120 a based on the reported measurements, and determines that the segment's current optical profile is outside of the designated target operating range 208 of the PON 100 or exceeds the upper threshold 208 b, thereby confirming the observation of the customer.

Next, to ascertain which particular component within the PON is the source of the detected degradation, the application/service compares the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment 120 a with respect to the drifts over time of optical profiles of one or more other segments that share endpoints with the segment 120 a. For example, the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment 120 a may be compared with the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment 120 n, e.g., based on amplitude of drift, rate of drift, etc. In some embodiments, the application/service may determine or generate in-line (e.g., in conjunction with the actions taken to respond to the technician's instruction) a current optical profile of each segment 120 a, 120 n, and may utilize the current optical profiles in conjunction with historical optical profiles of the segments 120 a, 120 n stored in the data stores 132 to determine the respective drifts over time of the segments 120 a, 120 n.

When the difference between compared drifts over time of segments 120 a and 120 n is within a predefined tolerance range (and particularly when the application/service determines that the current optical profile of the segment 120 n also exceeds the upper threshold 208 b), the application/service identifies the source of the degradation as being located within the sub-segment that is shared between segments 120 a and 120 n, i.e., the segment 120 c. As such, the candidates for the source of the degradation may be determined to be the components of the segment 120 c, i.e., the FDH 116 a, the primary optical fiber 110 a, and the OLT 102. The application/service may determine the particular source of the detected degradation from among the candidate sources (e.g., from the FDH 116 a, the primary optical fiber 110 a, and the OLT 102) by, for example, executing additional tests on other segments having the OLT 102 and/or the FDH 116 a as respective common endpoints (e.g., to determine respective optical profiles and/or drifts over time), comparing respective drifts over time of optical profiles of other segments with the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment 120 a and/or with the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment 120 n (e.g., amplitudes and/or rates of drifts over time), comparing the rates of drifts over time of the different components of the segment 120 c (e.g., against expected or pre-defined rates of drift over time, and/or against rates of drifts over time of other components of the segment and/or of other segments), switching out/substituting optical detectors at one or both endpoints and executing additional measurements utilizing the substituted optical detectors for comparison, switching out/substituting various components (e.g., the FDH 116 a, the primary optical fiber 110 a, or the OLT 102) to back-up components and executing additional tests on the substitute configurations, executing component diagnostics on the OLT 102 and/or the FDH 116 a, performing local diagnostics on each of the candidate components, taking mitigating actions such as cleaning the end faces of the primary optical fiber 110 a, etc. The particular source of degradation may be identified based on the results, e.g., in some cases, by process of elimination based on similarities and discrepancies of the results, and the particular source of degradation may or may not be a component of the segment 120 a to which the detected degradation pertained.

On the other hand, when the difference between compared drifts over time of the segments 120 a and 120 n exceeds the predefined tolerance range (and particularly when the application/service determines that the current optical profile of the segment 120 n is within the designated operating range 208 of the network 100), the application/service identifies the source of the degradation as being located within the sub-segment that is included in the segment 120 a and that is not shared between the segments 120 a and 120 n, i.e., the segment 120 d. As such, the candidates for the source of the degradation may be determined to be the secondary optical fiber 112 a and the last mile termination unit 106 a. Upon executing additional tests (such as locally executed component diagnostics for the last mile termination unit 106 a), comparing rates of drift over time of the secondary optical fiber 112 a and/or the last mile termination unit 106 a (e.g., against expected or pre-defined rates of drift over time for similar optical fibers and/or last mile termination units), and/or against rates of drifts over time of other optical fibers and/or last mile termination units of other segments), and/or taking mitigating actions (such as cleaning the end faces of the secondary optical fiber 112 a), the source of the detected degradation may be identified to be either the secondary optical fiber 112 a or the last mile termination unit 106 a, in some cases, by process of elimination based on similarities and discrepancies of the results.

A second example scenario may be similar to the first example scenario; however, instead of a customer contact and a resulting technician instruction being the trigger condition for the application/service to identify the source of the degradation pertaining to segment 120 a, a regularly scheduled, automatically-executed diagnostic procedure within the PON 100 (e.g., a diagnostic of the PON 100 as a whole, of a particular component of the PON 100, etc.) receives an abnormal reading and generates an alert corresponding to the segment 120 a. The alert triggers the generation and evaluation of the current optical profile of the segment 120 a and the comparison of the current optical profile of the segment 120 a with the target operating range of the PON 100, and the remainder of the scenario follows as described above for the first example scenario.

Of course, numerous other example scenarios are possible using the systems, methods, and techniques described within this document.

Example Method for Determining a Source of Degradation within a PON

FIG. 3 depicts a flow diagram of an example method 300 for determining or identifying a source of a degradation within a passive optical network. For example, the method 300 may be utilized to determine or identify a source of a degradation within the PON 100 of FIG. 1 . As is discussed below, the method 300 may leverage or utilize an optical profile of the PON in which the degradation has occurred to determine or identify the source of the degradation. For ease of discussion, and not for limitation purposes, the method 300 is described with simultaneous reference to the PON 100 of FIG. 1 and its example optical profile 200 depicted in FIG. 2 , although it is understood that any one or more portions of the method 300 maybe utilized to determine or identify degradation sources within other PONs and by leveraging other types and/or formats of optical profiles thereof.

At a block 302, the method 300 includes detecting a degradation pertaining to a first segment of a PON, where the first segment of the PON includes a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a first optical distance. For example, the first segment may be one of the segments 120 a, 120 c-120 e, and 120 n of PON 100 depicted in FIG. 1 .

In embodiments, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that the optical profile of the first segment of the PON (e.g., a current optical profile of the first segment) is above or below a designated operating range (e.g., an operational target operating range) of the PON. For example, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment may include detecting that the optical profile of the first segment (e.g., a data point of the optical profile 200 that corresponds to the first segment) is above the designated operating range 208 of the PON 100 or is below the designated operating range 208. The optical profile of the first segment may be a most recent optical profile which was previously generated and stored in a data store associated with the PON, such as the data store(s) 132, or the optical profile of the first segment may be generated in-line with the block 302. Generally speaking, and as discussed in more detail elsewhere within this description, the optical profile of the first segment may be based on one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the first segment (e.g., magnitudes of attenuation, changes in frequencies, changes in power outputs, etc.), and may optionally be based on the quantity and/or densities of last mile termination units that, at the time of the generation of the optical profile, are optically connected within the PON 100 via one or more optical fibers that are included in the first segment, where said last mile termination units may be disposed at different optical distances. Some of said last mile termination units may be located at optical distances greater than the optical distance of the first segment. For example, the optical profile of the segment 120 c may be based on the quantity and/or the densities of the last mile termination units that are optically connected to the upstream endpoint 102 via the primary optical fiber 110 a or, said another way, that are serviced by the primary optical fiber 110 a (e.g., last mile termination units 106 a, 106 n, and other last mile termination units (not shown in FIG. 1 ) and that are disposed at various optical distances from the upstream endpoint 102, some of which may be at greater optical distances than the optical distance of the segment 120 c. The quantity and/or densities of said last mile termination units at their respective optical distances may affect the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the primary optical fiber 110 a included in the first segment, and as such, said last mile termination units are categorically referred to herein as “impacting” last mile termination units with respect to the first segment. As such, and referring again to FIG. 1 , both of the last mile termination units 106 a and 106 n are impacting last mile termination units with respect to each of segments 102 a, 102 c, and 102 n; last mile termination unit 106 a is an impacting last mile termination unit with respect to each of segments 102 a, 102 c, 102 n, and 102 d; and last mile termination unit 102 n is an impacting last mile termination unit with respect to each of segments 102 a, 102 c, 102 n, and 102 e.

In embodiments, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON may include determining that one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the first segment (e.g., a magnitude of attenuation, a variation in frequencies, a change in power outputs, and/or other characteristics) are above a respective upper threshold (e.g., threshold 208 b) of the designated operating range of the PON or below a respective lower threshold (e.g., threshold 208 a) of the designated operating range. For example, each characteristic may be individually compared against respective upper and lower thresholds, a combination of characteristics may be compared against respective upper and lower thresholds corresponding to the combination, etc.

In embodiments, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that the optical profile of the first segment of the PON (e.g., a current optical profile of the first segment) is within the designated operating range 208 of the PON, and further detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the first segment and the optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance. Additionally or alternatively, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that that one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the first segment are within the designated operating range 208 of the PON, and further detecting that a distance between the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the first segment and one or more corresponding characteristics of optical signals delivered over one or more other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance. Typically, but not necessarily, the one or more other segments include a majority of the other segments of the PON. For example, when the one or more characteristics of optical signals includes a magnitude of attenuation, a degradation associated with the first segment may be detected 302 when a difference between the magnitude of attenuation of optical signals delivered over the first segment of the PON and an average of the respective magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals delivered over each segment included in a majority of other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance. The threshold distance may be pre-defined and optionally adjustable. Additionally or alternatively, a total number of other segments included in one or more other segments and/or specific segments included in the one or more other segments may be pre-defined and optionally may be adjustable, if desired.

In some situations, detecting 302 the degradation pertaining to the first segment may be initiated based on the occurrence of a trigger condition, such as the receipt of an indication of an alarm or an alert corresponding to the first segment, the obtaining of a notification indicative of degraded service or performance associated with the first segment, etc. Trigger conditions may be automatically generated (e.g., an alarm, alert, or other type of notification generated by an application or service executing on the computing device 125 or on the one or more servers 130 of the PON 100), and/or trigger conditions may be manually generated (e.g., by a customer logging a complaint of degraded service, a technician manually initiating a maintenance action, etc.).

At a block 305, the method 300 includes, responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment of the PON. The first drift over time of the first segment's optical profile may be based on one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment, where the historical optical profiles of the first segment are based on the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the first segment. The historical optical profiles of the first segment may be stored in and obtained from the one or more data stores 132 associated with the PON 100. For example, the historical optical profiles of the first segment may include an initial optical profile of the first segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the first segment within the PON 100, and one or more additional historical optical profiles of the first segment which were generated or otherwise generated at subsequent times of operation. For instance, the historical optical profiles of the first segment may include specific data points that correspond to the first segment and that are respectively included in the historical optical profiles 210 a, 210 b, 210 c of the PON 100 illustrated in FIG. 2 .

At a block 308, the method 300 includes comparing the first drift over time of the first segment with a second drift over time of an optical profile of a second segment of the PON. The second segment includes a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a second optical distance, and first and the second segments share a common endpoint. The common endpoint between the first and second segments may be a common upstream endpoint or a common downstream endpoint, or the common endpoint may be the upstream endpoint of one of the first and second segments and the downstream endpoint of the other one of the first and second segments. Referring to FIG. 1 to illustrate, examples of pairs of first and second segments which share a common endpoint include segments 120 a and 120 n, segments 120 a and 120 c, segments 120 c and 120 n, segments 120 c and 120 d, segments 120 c and 120 e, segments 120 a and 120 d, segments 120 n and 120 e, and segments 120 d and 120 e.

Similar to the first segment, the second drift over time of the optical profile of the second segment may be based on one or more historical optical profiles of the second segment, and the historical optical profiles of the second segment may be based on the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the second segment. That is, both the historical optical profiles of the first segment and the historical optical profiles of the second segment may be based on the one or more characteristics of optical signals. Similar to the optical profiles of the first segment (whether current or historical), the optical profiles of the second segment may optionally correspond to the quantities and/or densities of last mile termination units that, at the time of the generation or determination of the optical profile, are/were optically connected within the PON 100 via one or more optical fibers that are included in the second segment. Similar to the historical optical profiles of the first segment, the historical optical profiles of the second segment may include, for example, an initial optical profile of the second segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the second segment, and one or more additional historical optical profiles which were generated or otherwise generated at subsequent times.

In some embodiments (not shown in FIG. 3 ), the method 300 may include determining the second drift over time of the optical profile of the second segment of the PON, or determining at least a portion of the second drift over time. For example, determining the second drift over time of the optical profile of the second segment may be based on historical optical profiles of the second segment stored in the data store(s) 132, and may be performed in a manner similar to that described for determining the first drift over time of the first segment.

At any rate, comparing 308 the first drift over time with the second drift over time may include comparing at least one of respective magnitudes or respective rates of change of the first drift over time and the second drift over time, e.g., to detect and optionally quantify any differences between the magnitudes and/or the rates of change of the first drift over time and the second drift over time. For example, a magnitude of the difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time may be determined to be within or not within a tolerance range, e.g., plus or minus 0.1 nanometers, or similar. The tolerance ranges may be predefined and adjustable, and different tolerance ranges may be defined for different types of comparisons (e.g., magnitudes of drifts, rates of change of drifts, etc.) and/or combinations thereof.

At a block 310, the method 300 includes identifying the source of the degradation corresponding to the first segment based on the comparison, where the source of the degradation is identified as being a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint of the PON. The source of the degradation may or may not be included in the first segment to which the detected degradation pertained. For example, the identified source of the detected degradation may be included in the first segment pertaining to the detected degradation, and as such, may be the upstream endpoint of the first segment, the downstream endpoint of the first segment, or one of the optical fibers optically connecting the upstream endpoint to the downstream endpoint of the first segment. In other scenarios, though, the identified source of the detected degradation is not included in the first segment pertaining to the detected degradation. For example, referring to the example PON 100, if the first segment pertaining to the detected degradation is the segment 120 e, the source of the degradation may be identified at the block 310 to be the fiber distribution hub 116 a, the primary optical fiber 110 a, or the OLT 102.

As such, in some embodiments, the method 300 may include comparing multiple drifts over time of a set of more than two segments of the PON (not shown in FIG. 3 ). Each segment included in the set of more than two segments may share a common endpoint with at least one other segment included in the set. As such, in some cases, all of the segments included in the set of more than two segments can share a same common endpoint, or different pairs of segments included in the set of more than two segments can share different common endpoints. In these embodiments, identifying 310 the source of the degradation may be based on the comparison of the multiple drifts over time of the set of more than two segments and respective differences therebetween.

Additionally, in embodiments, the method 300 may include determining whether a difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time is within a defined tolerance range, and identifying 310 the source of the degradation may be based on determination.

In some embodiments (not shown), the method 300 further includes identifying the source of the degradation based on one or more differences between the rates of drifts over time of optical profiles of different components of the segment and the rates of drifts over time of optical profiles of corresponding components of one or more other segments. For example, generally speaking, the rates of drifts over time of optical fibers typically are much slower (e.g., at a lesser rate, which may be orders of magnitudes slower) than the rates of drifts over time of segment endpoints. Thus, by comparing the rates of drifts over time of different optical fibers and/or of different endpoints which are included in the segment and optionally in the one or more other segments, outlier rates of drifts over time of specific, associated components (e.g., optical fibers, types of optical fibers, segment endpoints, and/or types of segment endpoints within the same and/or different segments) may be detected, thereby identifying the source of the degradation within the PON.

At a block 312, the method 300 includes transmitting an indication of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device. For example, the method 300 may include transmitting an alert or other suitable notification identifying the source of degradation, and may optionally include transmitting associated information (e.g., measurements and other data collected from the PON 100, optical profiles of associated segments, the optical profile 200 of the PON, etc.) in conjunction with transmitting the indication of the degradation source.

In some embodiments, the method 300 includes displaying, on a user interface, at least one of: an indication of the degradation pertaining to the first segment, an indication of the determined source of the degradation, the optical profile of the first segment, an indication of the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment, an indication of the comparison of the first drift over time of the first segment with one or more drifts over time of one or more other segments, the optical profile of the PON as a whole, etc. At least some of the displayed information may be graphical. For example, a graphical representation of the scatter plot 200 may be displayed on a user interface, and by the user clicking, selecting, zooming-in on data associated with particular segments, optical distances, and/or magnitudes of attenuation, more detailed information and/or data associated therewith may be displayed.

In some embodiments (not shown in FIG. 3 ), the method 300 may include determining the optical profile of the first segment and/or the second segment based on one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the respective segment. Determining the optical profile of one or more segments of a PON and of the PON as a whole is described in more detail elsewhere within this description.

Example Method for Determining a Source of Degradation within a PON

FIG. 4 depicts a flow diagram of an example method 400 for determining or identifying a source of a degradation within a passive optical network. For example, the method 400 may be utilized to determine or identify a source of a degradation within the PON 100 of FIG. 1 . As is discussed below, the method 400 may leverage or utilize an optical profile of the PON in which the degradation has occurred to determine or identify the source of the degradation. Accordingly, for ease of discussion, and not for limitation purposes, the method 400 is described with simultaneous reference to the PON 100 of FIG. 1 and the optical profile 200 of FIG. 2 , although it is understood that any one or more portions of the method 400 maybe utilized to determine or identify degradation sources within other PONs and by leveraging other types and/or formats of optical profiles thereof. Additionally, in embodiments, at least a portion of the method 400 may operate in conjunction with at least a portion of the method 300, e.g., with respect to the PON 100.

At a block 402, the method 400 includes detecting a degradation pertaining to a segment of the PON, where the segment includes an upstream segment endpoint that is optically connected, via one or more optical fibers over an optical distance, to a downstream segment endpoint. For example, the first segment may be one of the segments 120 a, 120 c-120 e, and 120 n of PON 100 depicted in FIG. 1 . Detecting 402 the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON may be performed in manners to similar to that discussed above with regard to the block 302 of FIG. 3 . For example, detecting 402 the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON may include detecting that one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment (e.g., a magnitude of attenuation, a variation of frequencies, a change in power outputs) is above a respective upper threshold or below a respective lower threshold (e.g., thresholds 208 b, 208 a, respectively, of FIG. 2 ). In another example, detecting 402 the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON may include detecting that the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment of the PON, while being within the designated operating range 208 of the PON, are nonetheless are over (e.g., greater than) a threshold distance from the corresponding one or more or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over one or more other segments of the PON, e.g., in a manner such as discussed for the block 302. The one or more characteristics of the optical signals delivered over the segment may be detected by the upstream endpoint, the downstream endpoint of the segment, or both the upstream and downstream endpoints, for example. Additionally or alternatively, detecting 402 the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON may include detecting that an optical profile of the segment of the PON is above or below a designated operating range of an optical profile of the PON (e.g., operating range 208 of FIG. 2 ), or detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the segment of the PON and the optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold even though the optical profiles of the segment and the one or more other segments are within the designated operating range 208 of the PON, e.g., in a manner such as discussed for the block 302. The optical profile of the segment may be based on the one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment, and may optionally be based on quantities and/or densities of impacting last mile termination units corresponding to the segment, for example.

At a block 405, the method 400 includes, responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a drift over time of an optical profile of the segment based on one or more historical optical profiles of the segment. The historical optical profiles of the first segment based one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment at segment installation and other subsequent times of operation of the segment, and optionally based on the quantities and/or densities of impacting last mile termination units associated with the segment at each of the times at which a historical optical profile of the segment was generated, for example.

At a block 408, the method 400 includes identifying the source of the degradation within the PON based on one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and respective drifts over time of respective optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON, where each segment of the one or more other segments shares a respective common segment endpoint with the segment. Each respective common segment endpoint may be a common upstream endpoint, a common downstream endpoint, or an endpoint which is the upstream endpoint of one segment and the downstream endpoint of another segment. For example, the respective common segment endpoint shared by the segment pertaining to the degradation and a first other segment of the one or more other segments may be the OLT 102, the distribution hub 116 a, or a first last mile termination unit 106 a, 106 n, and the respective common segment endpoint shared by the segment pertaining to the degradation and a second other segment of the one or more other segments may be the OLT 102, the distribution hub 116 a, or a second last mile termination unit 106 a, 106 n.

In some embodiments (not shown), the method 400 further includes identifying the source of the degradation based on one or more differences between the rates of drifts over time of optical profiles of different components of the segment and the rates of drifts over time of optical profiles of corresponding components of the one or more other segments. For example, generally speaking, the rates of drifts over time of optical fibers typically are much slower (e.g., at a lesser rate, which may be orders of magnitudes slower) than the rates of drifts over time of segment endpoints. Thus, by comparing the rates of drifts over time of different optical fibers and/or of different endpoints which are included in the segment and optionally in the one or more other segments, outlier rates of drifts over time of specific, associated components (e.g., specific optical fibers and/or specific segment endpoints within the same and/or different segments) may be detected, thereby identifying the source of the degradation within the PON.

Further, the identified source of the degradation, e.g., the particular optical fiber or the particular segment endpoint, need not be included in the segment pertaining to the degradation detected at the block 402, but may be included in another one or more segments of the PON. For example, the method 400 may identify the source of the degradation to be the OLT 102, the primary optical fiber 110 a, the distribution hub 116 a, one of the secondary optical fibers 112 a, 112 b, or one of the last mile termination units 106 a, 106 n.

At a block 410, the method 400 includes transmitting an indication of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device. For example, the method 400 may include transmitting an alert or other suitable notification identifying the source of degradation, and may optionally include transmitting associated information (e.g., measurements and other data collected from the PON 100, optical profiles of associated segments, the optical profile 200 of the PON, etc.) in conjunction with transmitting the indication of the degradation source.

In some embodiments, the method 400 includes displaying, on a user interface, at least one of: an indication of the degradation pertaining to the segment, an indication of the determined source of the degradation, the optical profile of the segment, an indication of the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment, an indication of the comparison of the drift over time of the segment with drifts over time of one or more other segments, the optical profile of the PON as a whole, etc. At least some of the displayed information may be graphical. For example, a graphical representation of the scatter plot 200 may be displayed on a user interface, and by the user clicking, selecting, zooming-in on data associated with particular segments, optical distances, and/or magnitudes of attenuation, more detailed information and/or data associated therewith may be displayed.

In some embodiments (not shown in FIG. 4 ), the method 400 may include determining the optical profile of the segment based on one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment. Determining the optical profile of one or more segments of a PON and of the PON as a whole is described in more detail elsewhere within this description.

Generating an Optical Profile of a PON

In some embodiments, the systems and/or methods disclosed herein may generate or determine an optical profile of a PON. For example, the one or more servers 130 may execute particular computer-executable instructions stored thereon and/or stored in the data store(s) to cause an optical profile of the PON 100 to be generated or determined, the method 300 may include generating an optical profile of the PON 100, and/or the method 400 may include generating an optical profile of the PON 100. Of course, systems and methods other than those disclosed herein may also generate or determine optical profiles of PONs. For ease of discussion, though, and not for limitation purposes, generating or determining an optical profile of a PON is described herein with simultaneous reference to the PON 100 of FIG. 1 and the optical profile 200 of FIG. 2 .

Generally speaking, generating the optical profile of the PON 100 includes generating an optical profile of each segment of the PON 100, e.g., segments 102 a, 102 n, and 102 c-102 e. As previously discussed, an optical profile of a segment is based on one or more characteristics of optical signals delivered over the segment. As such, for each segment, one or more known optical test signals and/or patterns, indication light, and/or other type of measurement signals are transmitted from one endpoint of the segment to the other endpoint of the segment (and optionally, also back to the transmitting endpoint), one or more measurements of the test signal(s) are taken or measured at the receiving endpoint, and one or more optical characteristics of the segment (e.g., amplitudes, frequencies, power outputs, patterns, etc.) are determined from the measurements. Such test signal procedures may be repeated, if desired, any number of times, with different endpoints serving as the transmitting and receiving endpoints, for example. The measurements and/or the optical characteristics may be stored (e.g., in the data store(s) 132) as the optical profile of the segment, along with indications of a time of collection or generation of the segment's optical profile and the optical distance of the segment. Other information may be stored in conjunction with the optical characteristic data, such as the quantities, densities, and/or corresponding optical distances of impacting last mile termination units, equipment and optical fiber identification, etc.

The optical profile of the segment may be determined based only on a single optical characteristic of optical signals delivered over the optical length of the segment (e.g., based on only the magnitude of attenuation of signals transmitted from one endpoint of the segment to the other endpoint of the segment), or may be determined on multiple optical characteristics of optical signals delivered over the optical length of the segment (e.g., based on both the magnitude of attenuation and the amount of variation between the transmitted and received signal frequencies). In some situations, when the optical profile of the segment is based on multiple optical characteristics, different optical characteristics may be weighted differently, if desired.

Accordingly, the optical profile of the PON 100 as a whole may be an aggregation of the optical profiles of a plurality of different optical segments included in the PON 100, and may be represented by using any suitable format, e.g., charts, tables, databases, graphs, etc. A particular graphical representation of the optical profile of the PON 100 (e.g., distance vs. magnitude of attenuation of segments at various times throughout the operation of the PON 100) is depicted in FIG. 2 in a scatter plot format, for example. For example, an instance of the optical profile of the PON 100 201 a may be generated upon completion of the initial installation of the PON, and additional instances 210 b, 210 c may be generated or determined at subsequent times thereafter (e.g., repeatedly) during the run-time operations of the PON 100.

Instances of optical profiles of various segments and/or of the PON as a whole 100 may be generated periodically and/or according to predetermined schedules, on demand in response to manual instructions (e.g., received via the computing device 125 or the server(s) 130), or automatically in response to the occurrence of a trigger condition (e.g., corresponding to a diagnostic or maintenance procedure, installation of additional last mile termination units, replacements of components, and the like). Each generated instance may be stored (e.g., in the data store(s) 132) as a respective historical optical profile of the segment or of the PON (as the case may be) along with associated information corresponding to the configuration of the PON at the time of generation. Stored historical optical profiles of segments and/or of the PON 100 as whole may be accessed by applications and/or services associated with the PON 100, such as those executing on the computing device 125 and/or the one or more servers 130.

Example Processing Platform

FIG. 5 is a block diagram representative of an example logic circuit capable of implementing, for example, one or more components of the example servers 130, an optical terminal (e.g., any of the OLT 102, the last mile termination units 106 a, 106 n), and/or the example computing system 125. The example logic circuit of FIG. 5 is a processing platform 500 capable of executing instructions to, for example, implement operations of the example methods described herein, as may be represented by the flowcharts of the drawings that accompany this description. Other example logic circuits capable of, for example, implementing operations of the example methods described herein include a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable logic device (FPLD). The processing platform 500 may be, for example, one or more servers, a cloud computing system, a computer, a workstation, a laptop, a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, a tablet such as an IPAD™), or any other type of computing device or system.

The example processing platform 500 of FIG. 5 includes one or more processors 502, one or more memories 505, one or more network interfaces 508, one or more input/output (I/O) interfaces 510, and/or a set of data stores 512, all of which are interconnected via one or more address/data bus or communication links 615.

The processors 502 of the illustrated example may be implemented using hardware, and may include a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon-based) device. The processors 502 may be, for example, one or more programmable microprocessors, controllers, digital signal processors (DSP), graphics processing units (GPU) and/or any suitable type of programmable processor capable of executing instructions to, for example, implement operations of the example methods described herein. Additionally and/or alternatively, the processors 502 may be a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. that implements operations of the example methods described herein without executing instructions.

The memories 505 are accessible by the processors 502 (e.g., via a memory controller). The example processors 502 interact with the memories 505 to obtain, for example, machine-readable instructions stored in the memories 505 corresponding to, for example, the operations represented by the flowcharts of this disclosure. The example processors 502 may also interact with the memories 505 to store data, such as data formed or used during execution of machine-readable instructions. Example memories 505 include any number and/or type(s) of volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium, devices or disks, such as a semiconductor memory, magnetically readable memory, optically readable memory, biologically readable memory, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid-state drive (SSD), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM), a redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system, a cache, flash memory, or any other storage medium, device or disk in which information may be stored for any duration (e.g., permanently, for an extended time period, for a brief instance, for temporarily buffering, for caching of the information, etc.). Additionally and/or alternatively, machine-readable instructions corresponding to the example operations described herein may be stored on one or more volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory, machine-readable removable storage media (e.g., a compact disc (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disk, removable flash memory, etc.) that may be coupled to the processing platform 500 to provide access to the machine-readable instructions stored thereon.

The example processing platform 500 of FIG. 5 includes one or more communication interfaces such as, for example, the one or more network interfaces 508, and/or the one or more input/output (I/O) interfaces 510. The communication interface(s) enable the processing platform 500 of FIG. 5 to communicate with, for example, another device, system, etc. (e.g., the OLT 102, the last mile termination units 106 a, 106 n, the one or more servers 130, the computing device 125, the one or more data stores 132, etc., any other database, and/or any other machine.

The example processing platform 500 of FIG. 5 includes the network interface(s) 508 to enable communication with other machines (e.g., the OLT 102, the last mile termination units 106 a, 106 n, the one or more servers 130, the computing device 125, etc.) via, for example, one or more networks such as the PON 100 and/or the network(s) 128. The example network interfaces 508 include any suitable type of communication interface(s) (e.g., wired and/or wireless interfaces) configured to operate in accordance with any suitable communication protocol(s). Example network interfaces 508 include a TCP/IP interface, a WiFi™ transceiver (e.g., according to the IEEE 802.11x family of standards), an Ethernet transceiver, a cellular transceiver, a satellite transceiver, an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transceiver, a digital subscriber line (DSL) modem, a coaxial cable modem, a dialup modem, or any other suitable interface based on any other suitable communication protocols or standards.

The example, processing platform 500 of FIG. 5 includes the input/output (I/O) interface(s) 510 (e.g., a Bluetooth® interface, a near-field communication (NFC) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a serial interface, an infrared interface, a PCI express interface, etc.) to enable the processors 502 to communicate with peripheral I/O devices and/or other communication systems. For example, the I/O interface(s) 510 may be used to control a light source, enable receipt of user input (e.g., from a touch screen, a keyboard, a navigation device such as mouse, touch pad, joystick or trackball, a microphone, a button, etc.) and communication of output data (e.g., visual indicators, instructions, data, images, etc.) to the user (e.g., via a display, a speaker, a printer, a communication interface, an antenna, etc.). The I/O interface(s) 510 typically include a graphics driver card, graphics driver chip and/or graphics driver processor to drive a display when a display is present.

In some examples, the processing platform 500 also includes, or is otherwise communicatively coupled to, a set of data stores 512 or other data storage mechanisms (one or more of a HDD, optical storage drive, solid state storage device, CD, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray disk, RAID, data storage bank, etc.). In the illustrated example, the set of data stores 512 may include the example data stores 132.

Additional Considerations

The above description refers to a block diagram of the accompanying drawings. Alternative implementations of the example represented by the block diagram includes one or more additional or alternative elements, processes and/or devices. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the example blocks of the diagram may be combined, divided, re-arranged or omitted. Components represented by the blocks of the diagram are implemented by hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. In some examples, at least one of the components represented by the blocks is implemented by a logic circuit. As used herein, the term “logic circuit” is expressly defined as a physical device including at least one hardware component configured (e.g., via operation in accordance with a predetermined configuration and/or via execution of stored machine-readable instructions) to control one or more machines and/or perform operations of one or more machines. Examples of a logic circuit include one or more processors, one or more coprocessors, one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), one or more microcontroller units (MCUs), one or more hardware accelerators, one or more special-purpose computer chips, and one or more system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. Some example logic circuits, such as ASICs or FPGAs, are specifically configured hardware for performing operations (e.g., one or more of the operations described herein and represented by the flowcharts of this disclosure, if such are present). Some example logic circuits are hardware that executes machine-readable instructions to perform operations (e.g., one or more of the operations described herein and represented by the flowcharts of this disclosure, if such are present). Some example logic circuits include a combination of specifically configured hardware and hardware that executes machine-readable instructions. The above description refers to various operations described herein and flowcharts that may be appended hereto to illustrate the flow of those operations. Any such flowcharts are representative of example methods disclosed herein. In some examples, the methods represented by the flowcharts implement the apparatus represented by the block diagrams. Alternative implementations of example methods disclosed herein may include additional or alternative operations. Further, operations of alternative implementations of the methods disclosed herein may combined, divided, re-arranged or omitted. In some examples, the operations described herein are implemented by machine-readable instructions (e.g., software and/or firmware) stored on a medium (e.g., a tangible machine-readable medium) for execution by one or more logic circuits (e.g., processor(s)). In some examples, the operations described herein are implemented by one or more configurations of one or more specifically designed logic circuits (e.g., ASIC(s)). In some examples the operations described herein are implemented by a combination of specifically designed logic circuit(s) and machine-readable instructions stored on a medium (e.g., a tangible machine-readable medium) for execution by logic circuit(s).

As used herein, each of the terms “tangible machine-readable medium,” “non-transitory machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage device” is expressly defined as a storage medium (e.g., a platter of a hard disk drive, a digital versatile disc, a compact disc, flash memory, read-only memory, random-access memory, etc.) on which machine-readable instructions (e.g., program code in the form of, for example, software and/or firmware) are stored for any suitable duration of time (e.g., permanently, for an extended period of time (e.g., while a program associated with the machine-readable instructions is executing), and/or a short period of time (e.g., while the machine-readable instructions are cached and/or during a buffering process)). Further, as used herein, each of the terms “tangible machine-readable medium,” “non-transitory machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage device” is expressly defined to exclude propagating signals. That is, as used in any claim of this patent, none of the terms “tangible machine-readable medium,” “non-transitory machine-readable medium,” and “machine-readable storage device” can be read to be implemented by a propagating signal.

In the foregoing specification, specific examples have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, the described examples should not be interpreted as mutually exclusive, and should instead be understood as potentially combinable if such combinations are permissive in any way. In other words, any feature disclosed in any of the aforementioned examples may be included in any of the other aforementioned examples.

The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The claimed invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.

Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a”, “has . . . a”, “includes . . . a”, “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting example the term is defined to be within 10%, in another example within 5%, in another example within 1% and in another example within 0.5%. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.

Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, “A, B or C” refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, and (7) A with B and with C. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to any combination or subset of A and B such as (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to any combination or subset of A and B such as (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various examples for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed examples require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a single disclosed example. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

Further, as used herein, the expressions “in communication,” “coupled” and “connected,” including variations thereof, encompasses direct communication and/or indirect communication through one or more intermediary components, and does not require direct mechanical or physical (e.g., wired) communication and/or constant communication, but rather additionally includes selective communication at periodic intervals, scheduled intervals, aperiodic intervals, and/or one-time events. The examples are not limited in this context.

Further still, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, “A, B or C” refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, and (7) A with B and with C. As used herein, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to any combination or subset of A and B such as (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to any combination or subset of A and B such as (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B.

Moreover, in the foregoing specification and the attached drawings, specific examples have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made in view of aspects of this disclosure without departing from the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications made in view of aspects of this disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings. Numerous alternative examples could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims. By way of example, and not limitation, the disclosure herein contemplates at least the following examples:

1. A method of identifying a source of degradation within a passive optical network (PON), the method comprising detecting a degradation pertaining to a first segment of the PON, the first segment of the PON including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a first optical distance; responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a first drift over time of an optical profile of the first segment of the PON, the first drift over time based on one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment, and the optical profile and the historical optical profiles of the first segment based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment; comparing the first drift over time with a second drift over time of an optical profile of a second segment of the PON, the second drift over time based on one or more historical optical profiles of the second segment, the second segment including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a second optical distance, the optical profile of the second segment based on the characteristic of optical signals over the second segment, and the first segment and the second segment sharing a common segment endpoint; identifying the source of the degradation based on the comparison, the source of the degradation being a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint of the PON; and transmitting an indication of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.

2. The method of example 1, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that the optical profile of the first segment of the PON is above or below a designated operating range of the PON.

3. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that at least one of a magnitude of attenuation or a variation in frequencies of optical signals delivered over the first segment is above a respective upper threshold or below a respective lower threshold.

4. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the first segment and optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance.

5. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the characteristic of optical signals corresponds to magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals.

6. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the characteristic of optical signals corresponds to changes in frequencies of optical signals.

7. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the characteristic of optical signals includes changes in power outputs of optical signals.

8. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is based on a density or a quantity of last mile termination units that are serviced by one or more optical fibers included in the first segment of the PON.

9. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is detected based on measurements obtained at the respective upstream segment endpoint or the respective downstream endpoint of the first segment.

10. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein: the PON includes a distribution hub disposed between an optical line terminal (OLT) and a plurality of last mile termination units, the distribution hub optically connecting the OLT to each of the plurality of last mile termination units via a plurality of optical fibers; the distribution hub is the respective upstream segment endpoint of the first segment or the respective downstream segment endpoint of the first segment; and the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is based on measurements obtained at the distribution hub.

11. The method of any one of the preceding examples, further comprising at least one of: determining the optical profile of the first segment, determining the optical profile of the second segment, or determining the second drift over time of the optical profile of the second segment.

12. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein at least one of: the respective downstream segment endpoint of the first segment is a first last mile termination unit disposed at a first location serviced by the PON; or the respective downstream segment endpoint of the second segment is a second last mile termination unit disposed at a second location serviced by the PON.

13. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein: the PON includes an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a plurality of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; and the OLT is at least one of: the respective upstream segment endpoint of the first segment or the respective upstream endpoint of the second segment.

14. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein comparing the first drift over time with the second drift over time includes comparing at least one of respective magnitudes or respective rates of change of the first drift over time and the second drift over time.

15. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein the common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and the second segment is a first common segment endpoint, and the method further comprises: comparing the first drift over time with a third drift over time of an optical profile of a third segment of the PON, the third segment including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a third optical distance, the optical profile of the third segment based on the characteristic of optical signals over the third segment, and the first segment and the third segment sharing a second common segment endpoint; and identifying the source of the degradation further based on the comparison of the first drift over time to the third drift over time.

16. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein: the PON includes (i) an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a distribution hub via a primary optical fiber, and (ii) a plurality of last mile termination units disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; each last mile termination unit of the plurality of last mile termination units is optically connected to the distribution hub via a respective secondary optical fiber; and the plurality of last mile termination units includes at least one of an optical network unit (ONU) or an optical network terminal (ONT).

17. The method of example 16, wherein the common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and the second segment is the OLT or the distribution hub, and the method further comprises at least one of: when the comparison of the first drift over time with the second drift over time indicates that a difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time is within a predefined tolerance range, determining that the OLT, the primary optical fiber, or the distribution hub is the source of the degradation; or when the comparison indicates that the difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time is not within the predefined tolerance range, determining that the last mile termination unit of the first segment or the respective secondary fiber optically connecting the last mile termination unit of the first segment to the distribution hub is the source of the degradation.

18. The method of any one of the preceding examples, wherein determining the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment based on the one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment includes determining the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment based on an initial optical profile of the first segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the first segment.

19. The method of any one of the preceding examples, further comprising graphically displaying, on a user interface, at least one of: an indication of the degradation pertaining to the first segment, the optical profile of the first segment, an indication of the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment, or an indication of the comparison of the first drift over time of the first segment with the second drift over time of the second segment.

20. A system including one or more processors and one or more memories storing a set of computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to perform the method of any one of the preceding examples.

21. A method of identifying a source of a degradation within a passive optical network (PON), the method comprising: detecting a degradation pertaining to a segment of the PON, the segment including an upstream segment endpoint that is optically connected, via one or more optical fibers over an optical distance, to a downstream segment endpoint; responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a drift over time of an optical profile of the segment based on one or more historical optical profiles of the segment, and the optical profile and the historical optical profiles of the first segment based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment; identifying the source of the degradation within the PON based on one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and respective drifts over time of respective optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON, each segment of the one or more other segments sharing a respective common segment endpoint with the segment, and the source of the degradation being a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint included in the PON; and transmitting an alert indicative of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.

22. The method of example 21, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON includes detecting that at least one of a magnitude of attenuation or a variation of frequencies of optical signals delivered over the segment is above a respective upper threshold or below a respective lower threshold.

23. The method of any one of examples 21-22, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON includes detecting that the optical profile of the segment of the PON is above or below a designated operating range of the PON.

24. The method of any one of examples 21-23, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the segment of the PON and optical profiles of a majority of other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance.

25. The method of any one of examples 21-24, further comprising determining the optical profile of the segment based on the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment; and wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment corresponds to at least one of: magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals delivered over the segment, changes in frequencies of optical signals delivered over the segment, changes in power outputs of optical signals delivered over the segment; or a density or a quantity of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the segment of the PON.

26. The method of any one of examples 21-25, wherein determining the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment based on the one or more historical optical profiles of the segment includes determining the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment based on an initial optical profile of the segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the segment.

27. The method of any one of examples 21-26, wherein the one or more historical optical profiles are stored in one or more memories, and the method further comprises: repeatedly over time determining a current optical profile of the segment based on a current characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment; and storing, in the one or more memories, the repeatedly determined current optical profile of the segment as an additional historical optical profile of the segment.

28. The method of any one of examples 21-27, further comprising determining the designated operating range of the optical profile of the PON based on a configuration of the PON and heuristic data, the heuristic data including data indicative of occurrences of technical support events corresponding to the PON.

29. The method of any one of examples 21-28, wherein: the PON includes (i) an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a distribution hub via a primary optical fiber, and (ii) a plurality of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; each last mile termination unit of the plurality of last mile termination units is optically connected to the distribution hub via a respective secondary optical fiber; the segment is a first segment; and the respective common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and a second segment of the one or more other segments is the OLT, the distribution hub, or a first particular last mile termination unit included in the plurality of last mile termination units.

30. The method of example 29, wherein the respective common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and a third segment of the one or more other segments is the OLT, the distribution hub, or a second particular last mile termination unit included in the plurality of last mile termination units.

31. The method of any one of examples 21-30, wherein identifying the source of the degradation within the PON to be the particular optical fiber or the particular segment endpoint included in the PON includes identifying the source of the degradation to be a component of the segment.

32. The method of any one of examples 21-31, wherein identifying the source of the degradation within the PON to be the particular optical fiber or the particular segment endpoint included in the PON includes identifying the source of the degradation to be a component of the PON excluded from the segment.

33. The method of any one of examples 21-32, further comprising graphically displaying, at a user interface, an indication of the degradation pertaining to the segment.

34. The method of any one of examples 21-33, further comprising graphically displaying, at the user interface, an indication of the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and optionally an indication of the one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and the respective drifts over time of the respective optical profiles of the one or more other segments.

35. A system including one or more processors and one or more memories storing a set of computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to perform the method of any one of examples 21-34.

Additionally, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims.

Finally, any references, including, but not limited to, publications, patent applications, and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The patent claims at the end of this patent application are not intended to be construed under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless traditional means-plus-function language is expressly recited, such as “means for” or “step for” language being explicitly recited in the claim(s). The systems and methods described herein are directed to an improvement to computer functionality, and improve the functioning of conventional computers.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of identifying a source of degradation within a passive optical network (PON), the method comprising: detecting a degradation pertaining to a first segment of the PON, the first segment of the PON including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a first optical distance; responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a first drift over time of an optical profile of the first segment of the PON, the first drift over time based on one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment, and the optical profile and the historical optical profiles of the first segment based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment; comparing the first drift over time with a second drift over time of an optical profile of a second segment of the PON, the second drift over time based on one or more historical optical profiles of the second segment, the second segment including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a second optical distance, the optical profile of the second segment based on the characteristic of optical signals over the second segment, and the first segment and the second segment sharing a common segment endpoint; identifying the source of the degradation based on the comparison, the source of the degradation being a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint of the PON; and transmitting an indication of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes: detecting that the optical profile of the first segment of the PON is above or below a designated operating range of the PON; or detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the first segment and optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that at least one of a magnitude of attenuation or a variation in frequencies of optical signals delivered over the first segment is above a respective upper threshold or below a respective lower threshold.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of optical signals corresponds to magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of optical signals corresponds to changes in frequencies of optical signals.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of optical signals includes changes in power outputs of optical signals.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is based on a density or a quantity of last mile termination units that are serviced by one or more optical fibers included in the first segment of the PON.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is detected based on measurements obtained at the respective upstream segment endpoint or the respective downstream endpoint of the first segment.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the PON includes a distribution hub disposed between an optical line terminal (OLT) and a plurality of last mile termination units, the distribution hub optically connecting the OLT to each of the plurality of last mile termination units via a plurality of optical fibers; the distribution hub is the respective upstream segment endpoint of the first segment or the respective downstream segment endpoint of the first segment; and the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment is based on measurements obtained at the distribution hub.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising at least one of: determining the optical profile of the first segment, determining the optical profile of the second segment, or determining the second drift over time of the optical profile of the second segment.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of: the respective downstream segment endpoint of the first segment is a first last mile termination unit disposed at a first location serviced by the PON; or the respective downstream segment endpoint of the second segment is a second last mile termination unit disposed at a second location serviced by the PON.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein: the PON includes an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a plurality of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; and the OLT is at least one of: the respective upstream segment endpoint of the first segment or the respective upstream endpoint of the second segment.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein comparing the first drift over time with the second drift over time includes comparing at least one of respective magnitudes or respective rates of change of the first drift over time and the second drift over time.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and the second segment is a first common segment endpoint, and the method further comprises: comparing the first drift over time with a third drift over time of an optical profile of a third segment of the PON, the third segment including a respective upstream segment endpoint optically connected to a respective downstream segment endpoint via a respective one or more optical fibers over a third optical distance, the optical profile of the third segment based on the characteristic of optical signals over the third segment, and the first segment and the third segment sharing a second common segment endpoint; and identifying the source of the degradation further based on the comparison of the first drift over time to the third drift over time.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein: the PON includes (i) an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a distribution hub via a primary optical fiber, and (ii) a plurality of last mile termination units disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; each last mile termination unit of the plurality of last mile termination units is optically connected to the distribution hub via a respective secondary optical fiber; and the plurality of last mile termination units includes at least one of an optical network unit (ONU) or an optical network terminal (ONT).
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and the second segment is the OLT or the distribution hub, and the method further comprises at least one of: when the comparison of the first drift over time with the second drift over time indicates that a difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time is within a predefined tolerance range, determining that the OLT, the primary optical fiber, or the distribution hub is the source of the degradation; or when the comparison indicates that the difference between the first drift over time and the second drift over time is not within the predefined tolerance range, determining that the last mile termination unit of the first segment or the respective secondary fiber optically connecting the last mile termination unit of the first segment to the distribution hub is the source of the degradation.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment based on the one or more historical optical profiles of the first segment includes determining the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment based on an initial optical profile of the first segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the first segment.
 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising graphically displaying, on a user interface, at least one of: an indication of the degradation pertaining to the first segment, the optical profile of the first segment, an indication of the first drift over time of the optical profile of the first segment, or an indication of the comparison of the first drift over time of the first segment with the second drift over time of the second segment.
 19. A method of identifying a source of a degradation within a passive optical network (PON), the method comprising: detecting a degradation pertaining to a segment of the PON, the segment including an upstream segment endpoint that is optically connected, via one or more optical fibers over an optical distance, to a downstream segment endpoint; responsive to the detection of the degradation, determining a drift over time of an optical profile of the segment based on one or more historical optical profiles of the segment, the optical profile and the historical optical profiles of the first segment based on a characteristic of optical signals delivered over the first segment; identifying the source of the degradation within the PON based on one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and respective drifts over time of respective optical profiles of one or more other segments of the PON, each segment of the one or more other segments sharing a respective common segment endpoint with the segment, and the source of the degradation being a particular optical fiber or a particular segment endpoint included in the PON; and transmitting an alert indicative of the identified source of degradation to at least one of a user interface or another computing device.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON includes detecting that at least one of a magnitude of attenuation or a variation of frequencies of optical signals delivered over the segment is above a respective upper threshold or below a respective lower threshold.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the segment of the PON includes detecting that the optical profile of the segment of the PON is above or below a designated operating range of the PON.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein detecting the degradation pertaining to the first segment of the PON includes detecting that a distance between the optical profile of the segment of the PON and optical profiles of a majority of other segments of the PON is greater than a threshold distance.
 23. The method of claim 19, further comprising determining the optical profile of the segment based on the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment; and wherein the characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment corresponds to at least one of: magnitudes of attenuation of optical signals delivered over the segment, changes in frequencies of optical signals delivered over the segment, changes in power outputs of optical signals delivered over the segment; or a density or a quantity of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the segment of the PON.
 24. The method of claim 19, wherein determining the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment based on the one or more historical optical profiles of the segment includes determining the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment based on an initial optical profile of the segment obtained in conjunction with an installation of the segment.
 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more historical optical profiles are stored in one or more memories, and the method further comprises: repeatedly over time determining a current optical profile of the segment based on a current characteristic of optical signals delivered over the segment; and storing, in the one or more memories, the repeatedly determined current optical profile of the segment as an additional historical optical profile of the segment.
 26. The method of claim 19, further comprising determining the designated operating range of the optical profile of the PON based on a configuration of the PON and heuristic data, the heuristic data including data indicative of occurrences of technical support events corresponding to the PON.
 27. The method of claim 19, wherein: the PON includes (i) an optical line terminal (OLT) optically connected to a distribution hub via a primary optical fiber, and (ii) a plurality of last mile termination units that are respectively disposed at different locations serviced by the PON; each last mile termination unit of the plurality of last mile termination units is optically connected to the distribution hub via a respective secondary optical fiber; the segment is a first segment; the respective common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and a second segment of the one or more other segments is the OLT, the distribution hub, or a first particular last mile termination unit included in the plurality of last mile termination units; and the respective common segment endpoint shared by the first segment and a third segment of the one or more other segments is the OLT, the distribution hub, or a second particular last mile termination unit included in the plurality of last mile termination units.
 28. The method of claim 19, wherein identifying the source of the degradation within the PON to be the particular optical fiber or the particular segment endpoint included in the PON includes identifying the source of the degradation to be a component of the segment.
 29. The method of claim 19, wherein identifying the source of the degradation within the PON to be the particular optical fiber or the particular segment endpoint included in the PON includes identifying the source of the degradation to be a component of the PON excluded from the segment.
 30. The method of claim 19, further comprising graphically displaying, at a user interface, at least one of: an indication of the degradation pertaining to the segment, an indication of the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment, or optionally an indication of the one or more differences between the drift over time of the optical profile of the segment and the respective drifts over time of the respective optical profiles of the one or more other segments. 